Psychology
Attachment styles: what the research actually says
Attachment theory is solid science, but the four “styles” online are a simplification. They are sliding scales, not fixed types, and they can change.
27 Sept 20267 min read
Self-esteem
Also known as Self esteem, Self-worth, Low self-esteem, Self-confidence
The overall opinion you hold of your own worth. Low self-esteem is common and can change; it is not a diagnosis, though it often travels with depression and anxiety.
In Psychology
Self-esteem is the overall opinion you have of yourself — whether you see yourself as worthwhile, capable and deserving of respect. Healthy self-esteem is not arrogance; it means you can accept your faults without deciding you are worthless.
Low self-esteem often has roots in harsh criticism, bullying or constant comparison, and is kept going by a critical inner voice. It is not a mental illness in itself, but it is a common feature of , and .
What helps
- Notice the negative beliefs you hold about yourself, and test them against the evidence.
- Ask: would I speak to a friend this way?
- Set small, achievable goals and notice when you meet them.
- Practise saying no when you mean no.
- Spend more time with people who treat you well.
If low self-esteem is holding you back, talking therapy such as counselling or can help. Read more on self-esteem.
Where this comes up
Psychology
Codependency: when caring for others costs you yourself
Codependency is a popular idea, not a diagnosis. Caring deeply for family is healthy; losing yourself entirely, or enabling someone's harm, is not.
27 Sept 20268 min read
Psychology
Exam stress: coping with Matric, FSc, MDCAT and entry tests
Some exam nerves help; panic, sleepless nights and study pills do not. Study methods that work, sleep and food before exams, and how parents can help.
27 Sept 20268 min read
Psychology
Gaslighting: what it is, examples, and how to respond
Gaslighting is a pattern of manipulation that makes you doubt your own memory and judgement. It is not the same as an ordinary disagreement.
27 Sept 20268 min read
Related terms
- DepressionClinical depression, Major depressive disorderA medical condition in which low mood or loss of interest lasts most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks, and affects sleep, energy and daily life.
- Imposter syndromeImpostor syndrome, Impostor phenomenonThe persistent feeling that you are a fraud who does not deserve your success and will soon be found out, despite evidence that you are capable. It is common and it is not a diagnosis.
- Cognitive behavioural therapyCBT, Cognitive behavioral therapyA structured, time-limited talking therapy that helps you notice and change the thoughts and behaviours that keep a problem going. It is a first-line treatment for depression and most anxiety problems.
- ResilienceResilient, Psychological resilienceThe ability to adapt and recover after hardship, loss or stress. It is not a fixed trait you either have or lack; it grows from relationships, habits and support.